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Concrete Masonry Units
Retaining Walls
Pavers
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| Essential tools required to do a project: Flat and pointed shovels Wheelbarrow and a rake Hose with spray nozzle Hand tamper Paver splitter (rented) Plate compactor (min. 5000 lbf or 22kN, rented) Chisel and 3 lb hammer String line and metal stakes A line level and a 4 ft carpenter's level 1 inch diameter pipes Screed board (staight piece of lumber) Broom Gloves and safety goggles (for cutting pavers) Ear plugs when operating the plate compactor In a nutshell, there are several steps to consider.
Step 1 - Determine how much materials are needed
A detailed explanation of each step follows...
Step 1 - Determine how much materials are needed.
1.2 Chose the paver shape and the total number of pavers needed. Some suppliers can provide tables or software to calculate this once you've decided on a shape or shapes. Example: 4 x 8 in. rpavers for a 10 ft x 20 ft patio = 200 sf x 4.5 pavers per square foot = 900 pavers. Add 11% for cutting and spares, say 1000 pavers. The supplier can tell you how many bundles or pallets of pavers will need to be purchased, since the number of pavers per bundle varies with each shape.
1.3 Measure the total length of open edges, i.e., places not against a house, curb, or other paving. This will be the total edging required. Most plastic and metal edging comes in specific lengths, so you will have some extra length of edging for making minor adjustments to the paved area. Most edging requires metal stakes, so be sure to purchase one stake for every ft of edging to be installed.
1.4 Calulate the sand bedding required. This layer is always 1 inch thick when placed. Multiply the area of paving by 0.00309 to find the total cubic yards. Example: 200 sf x 0.00309 = 0.62 cubic yards (cy). Convert cubic yards to tons, since sand is purchased by the ton. The sand supplier can provide the conversions factors for cubic yards to tons. Example: 0.62 cy x 1.6 tons per cy is about 1 ton of sand.
1.5 Calculate the base material required. Patios and walks will need at least 4 in. thick base. This may be thicker in colder climates or in continually wet soils. (Your supplier can provide guidance on base thickness.) Calculate the number of cubic yards needed, then convert that result to tons. Remember, the base is 6 inches longer on each side than the 10 x 20 ft area of paving. Therefore, the base area will be 11 x 21 ft or 231 sf. To install a 4 in. thick compacted base, multiply the total square footage by 0.01235. So 231 sf x 0.01235 = 2.8 cubic yards of base. Again, the aggregate base supplier can provide conversion factor from cubic yards to tons, since base is purchased by the ton. Example: A crushed stone supplier said that a cy of base = 1.8 tons. So 2.8 cy x 1.8 tons = 5 tons.
1.6 Calculate the geotextile required. The geotextile goes between the compacted soil and base. The area of the base x 1.08 gives the total area of geotexile. Example: 231 sf base area x 1.08 = 250 sf of geotextile needed. For small jobs like this, a single piece of geotextile (typically 12 ft wide) will cover the bottom and sides of the excavation. If the bottom and sides of the excavation can't be covered with just one piece of geotextile, then overlap two pieces by at least 12 inches. Add this overlap area to the 250 sf needed.
Step 2 - Excavate the area
2.2 Check the slope. The ground to receive the base and concrete pavers should drain away from the house. There should be at least a 1/4 in. drop for every foot away from the house.
2.3 Remove the existing sod and soil using flat shovels and some help from neighbors. Example: 4 in. base (compacted) + 1 in. thick sand + 2 3/8 in. thick pavers = 7 in. depth for excavation since there will be slight settlement of the sand when pavers are compacted into it. Be sure you have plans for relocating the excavted soil and sod. The slope of the soil excavation will be the slope of the pavement, so check the slope of the bottom of the excavation by pullng level string lines and checking depth from them with to the soil with a meauring tape. Once the area is excavated, use a hand tamper and compact the soil, recheck slope with a carpenter's level and adjust as needed. There should be a 1/4 in. drop per foot away from the house.
Step 3 - Install the geotextile and base
3.2 Place and rake the base smooth over the geotextile.
Make sure the base material is moist, but not soaked with water.
Place about 2 inches, rake it smooth, and compact it with a 5,000
lbf (22 kN) plate compactor. This can be rented at a building equipment
rental store. Place another layer and rake it smooth. Pull string
lines over the base set at the final surface elevation and slope
of the surface. Compact the loose base layer so that about a 3 inch
space is between the string line and the top of the compacted base.
Check the space with a measuring tape. Do this checking on the base
with at least two string lines spaced over the base. This will leave
enough space for the bedding sand and pavers.
Step 5 - Install the bedding sand
5.2 Use a staight piece of wood to screed the sand smooth. This involves pulling the wood across the pipes several times until and area of sand is perfectly smooth. Do this for the entire area. Remove the pipes and fill the indentations with sand. Level these areas with a square trowel. Don't walk or disturb the screeded and leveled sand.
Step 6 - Place the concrete pavers
6.2 Contine to place pavers on the sand while maintaining consistent joint widths. Don't drag the pavers into the sand. Just place them by using the pavers on the sand as means to locate the one you're placing.
6.3 Cut pavers as needed. Your paver supplier or building equipment rental store can provide a cutter. Practice cutting with a few pavers so you get a feel for using the machine before cutting units for your project. Cut pavers to fill in at the edges next to the border course. The cutter allows a minimum length for cutting, so keep that in mind as you cut and fill gaps.
6.4. Compact the pavers using a plate compactor. Make at least four passes over all the pavers, starting at the outside of the pavement and working around the edges toward the inside. Then compact back and forth like mowing the grass. Remove and replace any pavers that crack or chip from the compaction equipment. Adjust joints so they are consistent. A large screwdriver is effective in aligning paver joints.
6.5 Spread dry joint sand over the surface and sweep some into the joints. Bagged mortar sand works well. Vibrate and compact the sand into the jonts, sweeping and compacting as you go. A second person can help sweep while you compact, or vice versa. Filling the joints with sand will take several passes with the plate compactor. You can use the bedding sand, but it will take some additional time to work it into the joints with continual sweeping and compacting. After compaction, the sand in the joints might settle, especially after a few rainstorms. Apply some extra sand to fill these joints as needed.
Step 7 - Clean up and enjoy!
Place the furnture, plants, grilles, etc., and enjoy! |